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Previous report has shown that combined vitamin C and K K3 administration produced tumour growth inhibition and increased the life-span of tumour-bearing mice. The molecular mechanism underlying such a process is, however, still unknown. Several arguments support the idea that reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide produced by redox cycling of vitamin C and K3 in association surpasses cellular defence systems and results in cell death.
In the current study, the use of other quinone-moeity-bearing compounds characterized by different redox potentials has shown that reactive oxygen species are generated by redox cycling between vitamin C and the quinine compounds. Moreover, a strong relationship was observed between the half-redox potentials of such compounds and their oxygen uptake, and the cytolytic effect induced by the association of vitamin C/quinine as well.
The main implication of hydrogen peroxide in the mechanism of cytotoxicity was also emphasized. Free ionic iron, most probably by consuming hydrogen peroxide inhibited the cytolytic effect linked to the vitamin combination. Such cytotoxicity was reproduced by H2O2 generated by the action of glucose oxidase.
Although the definition about the type of cell death was not under study, our results tend to exclude apoptosis, considering the lack of DEVDase activity, the absence of procaspase-3 and PARP cleavage as well as the severe ATP depletion after treatment of cells with vitamin C/quinine.
The antitumor effect by CK3 was confirmed in vivo, but a relationship between in vitro and in vivo was not obtained for all the other quinones Des études antérieures, aussi bien in vitro que in vivo, ont montré une inhibition de la croissance tumorale, ainsi qu’une augmentation de la durée de vie de souris porteuses d’une tumeur lors de l’administration combinées des vitamines C et K3. Le mécanisme d’action de ces vitamines n’est cependant pas encore élucidé. De nombreux arguments suggèrent l’implication d’un cycle redox générateur d’espèces réactives dérivées de l’oxygène , telles que le peroxyde d’hydrogène, entre les deux vitamines. Cette production engendrerait un stress oxydatif au sein de la cellule cancéreuse, ce qui aboutirait à sa mort.
Dans notre étude, l’utilisation de multiples dérivés quinoniques caractérisés par des potentiels redox différents a permis de continuer l’établissement d’un cycle d’oxydoréduction entre la vitamine C et la fonction quinone des composés, générant de cette manière des espèces réactives dérivées de l’oxygène. Une forte corrélation fut établie entre le potentiel redox de ces composés et la consommation d’oxygène ainsi que l’effet cytolytique induit par l’association vitamine C/quinone.
L’implication majeure du peroxyde d’hydrogène dans le mécanisme de la cytotoxicité a également été mise en évidence. Le fer ionique, en consommant le peroxyde d’hydrogène, a inhibé l’effet cytolytique lié à la combinaison vitaminique. De plus, ce dernier a pu être reproduit par le système de la glucose oxydase générateur d’H2O2.
Bien que le type de mort n’ait pu être précisé, nos résultats excluent le processus apoptotique étant donné l’absence d’activité DEVDase, du clivage de la procaspase-3 et de la PARP ainsi que l& déplétion drastique en ATP après le traitement des cellules en vitamine C/quinone.
L’effet anti tumoral de CK, a été confirmé in vivo mais une telle corrélation entre les données in vitro et in vivo ne fut pas obtenue pour toutes les autres quinones

Ascorbic Acid --- Vitamin K3 --- K562 cells

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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue entitled “Anticancer Agents: Design, Synthesis and Evaluation” that was published in Molecules. Two review articles and thirty research papers are included in the Special Issue. Three second-generation androgen receptor antagonists that have been approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of prostate cancer have been reviewed. Identification of mimics of protein partners as protein-protein interaction inhibitors via virtual screening has been summarized and discussed. Anticancer agents targeting various protein targets, including IGF-1R, Src, protein kinase, aromatase, HDAC, PARP, Toll-Like receptor, c-Met, PI3Kdelta, topoisomerase II, p53, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, have been explored. The analogs of three well-known tubulin-interacting natural products, paclitaxel, zampanolide, and colchicine, have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated. Several anticancer agents representing diverse chemical scaffolds were assessed in different kinds of cancer cell models. The capability of some anticancer agents to overcome the resistance to currently available drugs was also studied. In addition to looking into the in vitro ability of the anticancer agents to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle, in vivo antitumor efficacy in animal models and DFT were also investigated in some papers.

Medicine --- benzofurans --- chemical synthesis --- cytotoxic properties --- HeLa --- MOLT-4 --- K562 --- anticancer --- anti-neuroinflammation --- coumarin --- dihydroartemisinin --- flavonoids --- allene --- E-stereoselective --- regioselective --- anti-cancer activity --- cyanopyridone --- substituted pyridine --- pyridotriazine --- pyrazolopyridine --- thioxotriazopyridine --- anticancer activity --- HepG2 --- antitumor activity --- computational docking --- MDM2-p53 interaction --- xanthones --- yeast-based assays --- estrone derivatives --- hydrazine --- N-substituted pyrazoline --- anti-ovarian cancer --- topoisomerase II inhibitor --- kinase inhibitor --- antiproliferative agent --- urea --- synthesis --- antiproliferative activity --- apoptosis --- indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase --- inhibitor --- anti-tumor --- immune modulation --- tryptophan metabolism --- taxoids --- βIII-tubulin --- P-glycoprotein --- drug resistance --- thiopene --- thienopyrimidinone --- thiazolidinone --- breast cancer --- benzofuran–pyrazole --- nanoparticles --- cytotoxic activity --- PARP-1 inhibition --- 3,6-dibromocarbazole --- 5-bromoindole --- carbazole --- actin --- migration --- Thienopyrimidine --- Pyrazole --- PI3Kα inhibitor --- quinazolin-4(3H)-one --- quinazolin-4(3H)-thione --- Schiff base --- antioxidant activity --- DFT study --- ortho-quinones --- beta-lapachone --- tanshione IIA --- PI3Ks --- PI3Kδ inhibitors --- 2H-benzo[e][1,2,4]thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide --- anticancer agents --- protein–protein interactions --- virtual screening --- mimetics --- drug discovery --- bivalency --- polyvalency --- antitumor --- cell cycle --- ovarian cancer --- P-MAPA --- IL-12 --- TLR signaling --- inflammation --- chemoresistance --- 4-(pyridin-4-yloxy)benzamide --- 1,2,3-triazole --- c-Met --- natural product --- anticancer agent --- zampanolide --- Talazoparib --- PARP inhibitor --- prodrug --- o-nitro-benzyl --- photoactivatable protecting groups --- salinomycin --- overcoming drug resistance --- tumor specificity --- synergy --- 5-fluorouracil --- gemcitabine --- amides/esters --- colchicine analogs --- thiocolchicine --- colchiceine --- antimitotic agents --- hydrates --- dihydropyranoindole --- HDAC inhibitors --- neuroblastoma --- aromatase --- MCF-7 --- NIH3T3 --- benzimidazole --- triazolothiadiazine --- docking --- ADME --- organosilicon compounds --- SILA-409 (Alis-409) --- SILA-421 (Alis-421) --- multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal --- ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) --- colon cancer --- colchicine amide --- colchicine sulfonamide --- tubulin inhibitors --- docking studies --- crystal structure --- PROTACs --- protein degradation --- IGF-1R --- Src --- protein kinase --- phenylpyrazolopyrimidine --- enzyme inhibition --- molecular simulation --- androgen receptor --- prostate cancer --- enzalutamide --- apalutamide --- darolutamide --- triple-negative breast cancer --- cytotoxicity --- chrysin analogues --- flavonoid --- anticancer compounds

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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue entitled “Anticancer Agents: Design, Synthesis and Evaluation” that was published in Molecules. Two review articles and thirty research papers are included in the Special Issue. Three second-generation androgen receptor antagonists that have been approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of prostate cancer have been reviewed. Identification of mimics of protein partners as protein-protein interaction inhibitors via virtual screening has been summarized and discussed. Anticancer agents targeting various protein targets, including IGF-1R, Src, protein kinase, aromatase, HDAC, PARP, Toll-Like receptor, c-Met, PI3Kdelta, topoisomerase II, p53, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, have been explored. The analogs of three well-known tubulin-interacting natural products, paclitaxel, zampanolide, and colchicine, have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated. Several anticancer agents representing diverse chemical scaffolds were assessed in different kinds of cancer cell models. The capability of some anticancer agents to overcome the resistance to currently available drugs was also studied. In addition to looking into the in vitro ability of the anticancer agents to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle, in vivo antitumor efficacy in animal models and DFT were also investigated in some papers.

benzofurans --- chemical synthesis --- cytotoxic properties --- HeLa --- MOLT-4 --- K562 --- anticancer --- anti-neuroinflammation --- coumarin --- dihydroartemisinin --- flavonoids --- allene --- E-stereoselective --- regioselective --- anti-cancer activity --- cyanopyridone --- substituted pyridine --- pyridotriazine --- pyrazolopyridine --- thioxotriazopyridine --- anticancer activity --- HepG2 --- antitumor activity --- computational docking --- MDM2-p53 interaction --- xanthones --- yeast-based assays --- estrone derivatives --- hydrazine --- N-substituted pyrazoline --- anti-ovarian cancer --- topoisomerase II inhibitor --- kinase inhibitor --- antiproliferative agent --- urea --- synthesis --- antiproliferative activity --- apoptosis --- indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase --- inhibitor --- anti-tumor --- immune modulation --- tryptophan metabolism --- taxoids --- βIII-tubulin --- P-glycoprotein --- drug resistance --- thiopene --- thienopyrimidinone --- thiazolidinone --- breast cancer --- benzofuran–pyrazole --- nanoparticles --- cytotoxic activity --- PARP-1 inhibition --- 3,6-dibromocarbazole --- 5-bromoindole --- carbazole --- actin --- migration --- Thienopyrimidine --- Pyrazole --- PI3Kα inhibitor --- quinazolin-4(3H)-one --- quinazolin-4(3H)-thione --- Schiff base --- antioxidant activity --- DFT study --- ortho-quinones --- beta-lapachone --- tanshione IIA --- PI3Ks --- PI3Kδ inhibitors --- 2H-benzo[e][1,2,4]thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide --- anticancer agents --- protein–protein interactions --- virtual screening --- mimetics --- drug discovery --- bivalency --- polyvalency --- antitumor --- cell cycle --- ovarian cancer --- P-MAPA --- IL-12 --- TLR signaling --- inflammation --- chemoresistance --- 4-(pyridin-4-yloxy)benzamide --- 1,2,3-triazole --- c-Met --- natural product --- anticancer agent --- zampanolide --- Talazoparib --- PARP inhibitor --- prodrug --- o-nitro-benzyl --- photoactivatable protecting groups --- salinomycin --- overcoming drug resistance --- tumor specificity --- synergy --- 5-fluorouracil --- gemcitabine --- amides/esters --- colchicine analogs --- thiocolchicine --- colchiceine --- antimitotic agents --- hydrates --- dihydropyranoindole --- HDAC inhibitors --- neuroblastoma --- aromatase --- MCF-7 --- NIH3T3 --- benzimidazole --- triazolothiadiazine --- docking --- ADME --- organosilicon compounds --- SILA-409 (Alis-409) --- SILA-421 (Alis-421) --- multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal --- ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) --- colon cancer --- colchicine amide --- colchicine sulfonamide --- tubulin inhibitors --- docking studies --- crystal structure --- PROTACs --- protein degradation --- IGF-1R --- Src --- protein kinase --- phenylpyrazolopyrimidine --- enzyme inhibition --- molecular simulation --- androgen receptor --- prostate cancer --- enzalutamide --- apalutamide --- darolutamide --- triple-negative breast cancer --- cytotoxicity --- chrysin analogues --- flavonoid --- anticancer compounds